As we shall be only painting the town red tonight, I shall continue a bit with our sightseeing tour of Daegu before night falls.
Perhaps tonight some of you may opt to watch a cultural performance at the Daegu Opera House as a means to while away the night. So I thought I’d tell you something about the Daegu Opera House. It is shaped like a grand piano, a venue capable of accommodating 1,500 people on its 4 floors and 2 basements. The building has been designed with the satisfaction of the audience in mind, that is, in a manner that effectively utilizes the venue's high quality acoustic facilities and virtual space, thus leaving the audience free to enjoy a unique musical experience. The exterior of the building is made of glass, which makes it possible for passersby to peer inside the lobby. Especially impressive is the building's illumination system, which is arrayed in a manner that attracts people from afar; and the lobby, which without being over-elegantly decorated, strikes visitors with its refined atmosphere. The Daegu Opera House, situated in the heart of the city, has become one of the city's landmarks by providing artists with a stage on which to display their work and audiences with easy access to high-quality performances. The Daegu Opera House is expected to become one of Korea's premiere performance hubs.
Or if you prefer, you could also go to the Daegu Culture and Art Hall’s theater for the performing arts, in Duryu Park, which I have already told you about, in my previous post, for a concert or an opera.
The Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park, Daegu, used to be a local administrative centre during the Chosun dynasty, where the administration of the Gyeongsang province was carried out. It was the first site of the Gyeongsang-gamyeong, or the office of the Governor of the Gyeongsang province, equipped in 1596, when it served as the center of administration, jurisdiction and military affairs in the Gyeongsang province.
The Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park, Daegu, covers an area of 16, 000 square meters, and was the place where the Gyeongsangbukdo government building was located from 1910 to 1965. The park was built as the Jung-ang Park in 1970. In October 1997, the park was re-opened as the Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park, Daegu, with various amenities, so as to preserve this historical place forever.
The Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park, Daegu has various historical buildings scattered around the park. The gates are exquisitely made, and so are the ancient-style pavilions. Within the park are a green forest, many types of beautiful flowers, a clean wide grass lawn, a fountain, a number of peaceful and beautiful walks and a lot of benches where people can sit and relax.
Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park was the first site of Gyeongsang-gamyeong (Governor’s office of the Gyeongsang Province) that was moved to this location 400 years ago. The site was reconstructed as a park with various facilities for the purpose of preserving the historical location forever. Within the park are the Seonhwadang Hall, the former office building (Daegu Tangible Cultural Property #1) and the Jingcheonggak Hall, the former residence of the governor (Daegu Tangible Cultural Property #2). Its 27 Seonjeongbi steles explain the achievements of the past governors. Thanks to its easy access and its downtown location in Daegu, this park is loved and frequented by many citizens all the time.
If you recall, you may remember that I told you in my previous post about this Chinese General, Dusachung and his sons who had come to help fight in the Imjinwaeran in 1592, and how after the war, they had become naturalized citizens in Joseon and settled down in Daegu and were given a piece of land by the Joseon government. Also how they had to give up the land when the Governor’s office was shifted to Daegu. Well today the Gyeongsang-gamyeong Park is standing on that same piece of land.
Another park worth seeing is the Gukchae-bosang Memorial Park, located just east of downtown Daegu. The Gukchae-bosang Memorial Park was built to retain the spirit of the National Debt Repayment Movement, an expressive national movement that originated from Daegu in 1907. In this park, visitors will find some monuments in memory of local poets inscribed with their poems.
During the Japanese occupation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Japan maintained that Korea owed them a national debt, and once that debt was paid, Korea would become a sovereign nation. Daegu became a rallying point for what was called the Gukchae-bosang debt repayment movement where Koreans across the country donated anything of value to help repay the debt. The memorial park was built to commemorate the sacrifices that Koreans made in the hope to win their freedom.
Amongst the well-sculptured gardens and promenades, is the Dalgubeol Grand Bell, a popular attraction, particularly on New Year's Eve, when thousands of Koreans surround the ringing bell to celebrate the countdown to midnight. The bell is also rung every Saturday and Sunday at 3pm.
There is also a spot where you can find many Sotdae, or long wooden poles with one or more birds at the top.They were considered the medium between this world and the next. In Dangun mythology, sotdae became a passage by which the gods descended from heaven. As they were also erected at the entrance to villages, often alongside the jangseung, sotdae were treated as village guardians, as well as for protection from evil forces and natural disasters such as fire.
I wonder if I’ll have time to squeeze in a few festivals of Daegu before we go out tonight. Should be no problem I think since I’m just going to tell you about them and not ask you to participate in them.
Since it is April now, I shall start with the Mt. Biseulsan Azalea Festival because the Azalea Festival is usually held between April and May when the azaleas are at the peak of their bloom. So if you would like to participate in this festival you still can catch it.
Situated in Yuga-myeon, Dalseong-gun, Daegu Mt. Biseulsan Daegu is regarded as one of the most popular tourist spot in Daegu, South Korea. The mountain peak consists of the twin peaks of Johwabong and Gwangibong which are the chief attractions of the region. Another attractive aspect of the mountain is the 100ha odd of the Korean Azalea community.
A panoramic view of the mountain gives the magnificent picture of the ‘peak on fire’. The mountain is covered with red colored vegetation which creates an illusion of being the fire of the mountain itself. The different ridges of the mountain make the view of the place even mre attractive with the thick cover of vegetation over it. The Mt. Biseulsan Daegu is all covered with coniferous forests up to the 5th line of the mountain ridge. The presence of unique rocks, broadleaf trees and other natural wonders till the 6th to 9th lines of the mountain ridge adds diverse dimension to the beauty of the peak.
The Eulalia community which has cropped up at the highlands of the mountain ridges is also a noticeable entity at the Mt. Biseulsan, Daegu. The different temples built in and around the mountain peak makes some exciting visits for the travelers and the hikers as well.
On a highland over an altitude of 1,000 meter grow large groups of azalea flowers in a large area of 300,000 Korean pyeong (1 pyeong = 3.954 sq. yds) in Biseulsan Mountains. The main events include a reciting contest of azalea poems, a drum dance performance, a climbing contest and Korean folk games.
Dalgubeol Festival commemorates Daegu's rise in status to a metropolitan city on September 1, 1981. This festival consists of a variety of events for citizens, traditional or contemporary. Held between late September and early October every year. Some events change from year to year to ensure a variety, but visitors can always expect such traditional favorites as bullfighting, great food, art exhibitions and textile fashion shows in downtown, in Duryu Park, and at Daegu Culture & Arts Center. Other highlights include dance parades, Korean folk song & music performances, and traditional cuisine cafes.
Yangnyeongsi Festival is an oriental medicine festival that retains the 350 year tradition of Korean herbal medicine in Daegu Yangnyeongsi (Medicine Market). Yangnyeongsi Festival is held every May in Yakjeon-golmok Street and the Yangnyeongsi Exhibition Hall there. Yakjeon-golmok Street is located in Namseong-dong, Jung-gu on the opposite side of Jungang Police Box. This 700 meter long street is totally occupied by medicinal herb wholesalers, Oriental medicine pharmacies, acupuncturists' clinics, medical instrument stores and other related facilities. Yangnyeongsi Market and Yakjeon-golmok Street were originated from Daegu Medicinal Herb Fair that used to be held in the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1910) from the 16th century. The market used to be an important supplier of medicinal herb to China, Manchuria, and Russia from the mid-Joseon period.
Along the Street of Yakjeon-golmok, visitors can experience medicinal herb cares and purchase first-class medicines at lower prices.
Particularly, during the festival, they can find herb flower gardens, galleries of Oriental medicine equipments and competitions on chopping dried medicinal herb, etc. Additionally visitors can enjoy medicinal herb teas, liquors and rice cakes and other traditional foods featuring medicinal ingredients.
Daegu being a well-known city of textile fashion, and aspiring to develop itself as a world leading textile-producing city with fashion styles to rival Milan, holds fashion festivals during the year, like the Textile & Fashion Festival and Preview in Daegu.
The Textile & Fashion Festival is held semi-annually in May and October to promote the best quality Daegu textiles.
Textile Festival was initiated as a sub-plan of the municipal master plan “Milano Project." The festival originally aims to introduce Daegu as a large textile production place to the world, held twice a year, in spring and autumn. The spring festival consists a part of Preview In Daegu (Daegu's annual international textile fair) and the autumn festival is held during the same period with Dalgubeol Festival. Main programs of Textile Festival include a sewing competition, an textile design contests, a swim wear show, a Korean traditional costume (Hanbok) exhibition, a traditional embroidery exhibition, etc. Fashion Center Korea and Daegu Culture & Arts Center are the main venues for the festival. During the festival, the city government invites overseas buyers to promote the export of local textile products.
PREVIEW IN DAEGU is an international textile fair held annually in March. Its purpose is to showcase upcoming fashion trends for both citizens and enterprises. The fair includes seminars and symposiums on fashion trends and textile technologies, textile and fashion design contests, fashion shows in various themes, and fashion exhibitions. PID presents the following year's spring/summer trends, while Preview In SEOUL displays the following year's fall/winter trends.
The Palgong Goryeo Cultural Festival is aimed at inheriting the passion of Korea's Three Kingdoms in the 10th century, towards the unification of the Korean Peninsula.
According to history, the pioneer tribe in Daegu was called Dalgubeol and they thrived in the hilly grounds of the city. It was also by this name that Daegu was known by in the olden times. They initially occupied the lower hills and to defend themselves from any invasion by other nearby tribes they built walls made of earth mounds surrounding their residential area.
It was said that during ancient times, people flocked to Daegu due to its abundant natural resources. The place was surrounded by two rivers called the Geumhogang River and its tributary the Sincheon River, which produced very productive fields due to the fertile soil there. Various ancient pots made of stone and knives were discovered in Daegu that indicated the existence of inhabitants in the prehistoric period.
The three kingdoms namely Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla were known to exist in Daegu. It was in this region that the famous battle called the "Dongsudaejeon" was fought by these kingdoms as the place was a significant, strategic point for each of them. During the war, a general named Shin Sung-gyeom of the Silla kingdom was made famous by saving the life of "Wang-geon", King of the Goryeo Kingdom fighting against the attacks of the Baekje army, when the Kingdom of Goryeo came to the aid of the Silla Kingdom.
A dramatic event happened when Wang-geon was on the verge of being killed in the Dongsu battlefield. General Shin came to the rescue by disguising himself as the King, by wearing the King's helmet while running away thus attracting the soldiers of Baekje to chase after him leaving the real King out of harm’s way and was able to get back to his kingdom safely by wearing a soldier's uniform. After some time, Wang-geon was able to achieve his goal in unifying the three kingdoms leading to a new era in the history of Korea, establishing the Goryeo Dynasty.
The Joseon Dynasty followed in 1392 after the successful reign of the Goryeo. During this time, the population in Daegu continued to grow and the region developed into an agricultural capital in the province of Gyeongsang. It was also during this time that Daegu improved their educational policies with the introduction of Confucianism from China.
Scenes of the famous battle"Dongsudaejeon" are closely re-enacted and historical plays are performed by citizen actors and actresses during this festival. The festival consists of other environmental reports, a teenagers' festival and sales of local specialties. Dong-gu District Office hosts this festival every October and Dong-gu Palgong Cultural Center is in charge of organizing specific programs for the festival. The memorial to General Shin Sung-gyeom and the Geumhogang River Ecology Park are the two venues for major events during this festival.
The Dalseong Chunghyoje festival awakens the spirit of loyalty and filial piety in the minds of the youth in order to pass down good traditions to the next generation.
Daegu is a traditionally well-known city for its people who are loyal to the country and respect their seniors and the aged.
Chunghyoje is held in Dalseong-gun Community Stadium every October. Feasts for the aged, performances by farmers' band and various cultural exhibitions make this festival as rich as the autumnal crop of the season.
The Bongsan Fine Art Festival is held along Bongsan Culture and Art Street for 12 days in the middle of October every year. During the festival, galleries standing along this street present various exhibitions and seminars on fine art. They prepare other diverse activities, including great road paintings, body paintings and installation arts. Visitors can join in creating art works themselves in the street.
Finally, I’d like to introduce you to a few hot springs and spas because they can help relieve your stress and fatigue, after which you’ll be in great shape to dance the whole night away.
For hundreds of years Koreans have enjoyed visiting hot springs. Korea’s hot spring resorts are equipped with the latest beauty and spa facilities. Visiting a hot springs resort isn’t just about relaxing. At some of Korea’s resorts you can enjoy the thrills of wave pools and waterslides in the hot spring's warm waters. Have fun and improve your health all at the same time.
The Mt. Palgongsan Hot Spring Hotel is an alkaline, sodium carbonate hot spring. The hotel is equipped with an open-air hot spring, the largest in the nation, and other facilities for relieving fatigue To prevent stress and disease of the adult, the newly renovated public spa opened for the first time in this country. In the private bath, you can enjoy the diverse experience of a herb bath by way of selected menu.
The famous Sangdae Hot Spring in Daegu has alkaline water, containing 2,500 kinds of minerals. Due to its rich mineral component the water from this hot spring is used for several therapeutic purposes, including the treatment of such ailments as stomach ache, rheumatism and skin disease. That apart it is also used in the manufacturing of several beauty products as well, as the minerals found in this water have a rejuvenating effect on the skin. The water temperature is 36oC almost the same temperature as that of the human body. The Sangdae Hot Spring area is also known as the Hot Rock Spring or Hot Water Valley since ancient times. With the curative powers of the hot spring coming to the knowledge of the people, a spa was commercially developed here in 1982.
The Yongam Hot Spring, Daegu located at Samsin-ri, Cheongdo-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do, is a popular attraction. Apart from it being a major tourist destination the good quality water of the Yongam Hot Spring, Daegu that comes out from an underground layer some 850m below the land surface, has also earned a reputation for its curative properties. The main constituent parts of this hot spring’s water are germanium and sulfur, which are known to have medicinal value for treatment of such ailments such as arthritis, asthma, stomachache, anemia, rheumatism, etc.
For those of you who would like to benefit from the restorative powers of the water of the Yongam Hot Spring, Daegu, you can enjoy the spas treatment offered there. This spa contains germanium, also known as the magic stone, 15 to 30 times more than the average of other spas.
Daegu Spa Valley is close to Daegu, so Spa Valley is considered to be a resort in the city. It offers a good recreational course for families on weekends. Hot baths can be enjoyed at various hot spring facilities, such as an open-air bath and a big bath which uses mineral waters including the element germanium. Other facilities, such as a sports massage room and a skin care room, are also on hand for customers' use. State-of-the-art health-related facilities are well matched with the surrounding nature. Spa Valley first opened in 2003 and the citizens of Daegu City have been enjoying its hot springs and sauna facilities ever since.
The 1st floor of Spa Valley holds a health club, souvenir shop, and various stores, while the 2nd floor has a variety of hot spring pools and a jjimjilbang. The hot spring pools include a bath pool that is said to be good for your health and a kids’ pool for the children, while the jjimjilbang facilities include the UK-Ball Jjimjilbang, proven to be beneficial for skincare and blood circulation, and a jjimjilbang cave.
The 4th floor provides a large hot springs spa where visitors can enjoy various themed saunas and hot springs.
The outdoor water park offers a wave pool, youth pool, waterslide, a water polo pool, diving pool, and more.
Now that you are refreshed and recharged, are you ready for some fine dining, nightclubbing and bar hopping all over Daegu? I know you guys who are night-clubbers or bar hoppers must be impatient to try out the scenario here in Daegu. Don’t you worry Daegu has plenty of bars, noraebangs and other hotspots. The same rule applies as with shopping, if you got the money you’ll never die of thirst! It’s a matter of how long the money will last.
Daegu, like the rest of Korea, is crazy over coffee. Did you watch the drama 1st Shop of Coffee Prince, it’s a nice story with a coffee shop background? I know some people who must have a cup of coffee after a meal. Getting a cappucino, expresso, or latte can be found with ease. You'll see little coffee vending machines everywhere that spit out 300won cups of coffee, but if you want the gourmet stuff, there are 6 Starbucks' in the city. Coffee shops in Daegu can be broken down into the gourmet places like Starbucks and Hollys Coffee, but there are also loads of random cafes and dabangs dotting the urban landscape.
Nightlife in Daegu, can come in many forms. Fine dining in Italian restaurants run by world class chefs, losing your cultural bearings in a salsa/merengue club, or watching a performance at the Opera House, catching a movie in a theater or DVD bang, washing down samgyupsal with soju at a local BBQ restaurant, losing your voice in a noraebang, bar-hopping (not just a Western habit, the Koreans do it too,) getting lost in the blaring noise and frenzy of a sprawling booking club, realizing how easy your originally planned 5 minutes of fun stretched into an hour in an orakshil, or even just being low-key like going bowling or hanging out at a board-game cafe.
There's certainly something for everyone which can be found in virtually every nook and corner of the city. However, there are certain areas of Daegu that are more nightlife-oriented than others and both Koreans and foreigners flock to them. As with the rest of Korea, the commercial districts outside of universities are always a guarantee to find all kinds of action. But the following are the main centers of activity:
About a 15 minute drive northeast of the downtown core is what locals call Kyungdae. This is the north gate of Kyungpook National University. The vibrant Kyungdae nightlife district just outside of the north gate is a big draw for young Koreans from all over the city. This area is packed with bars, nightclubs, restaurants, PC bangs, and DVD bangs. University nightlife districts are not only known for their young atmosphere, but also for having inexpensive restaurants that cater to the budgets of students. So a good night can be had and at a relatively cheaper price, as compared to the other nightlife districts.
Don't forget to visit the shooting gallery in the heart of the district. A visit to the area can't be complete without stopping by the pellet gun shooting gallery, located just down the hill.
I can offer you recommendations for restaurants and bars but I can’t promise you that they will still be there tomorrow because they seem to open and shut down at such a fast pace, it’s difficult to keep track.
Kyungdae cafes and restaurants include Gobul,(fusion) Hunny Dog, (kebabs and hot dogs) Indo Bangrangi, (Indian) Nonna's,(Italian) Marie, Maya,(Indian and Nepalese) Pastario,(Italian) Steff Hotdog,(13 outlets in Daegu) and Tiamo (Italian).
Kyungdae bars and clubs include Bar Mo Mo, ELXSON, and Umber.
The following are some of the other active nightlife districts:
Daegu has many popular areas for dining, however, the downtown core consisting of the Rodeo area in eastern downtown and the Dongseongno area on the west side , possess the highest concentration of restaurants and nightlife.
The area around Samdeok Fire Station in downtown Daegu has traditionally been an area that foreigners tend to congregate at. On any given night, but particularly on the weekends, this area is alive with Koreans and foreigners looking to party it up at the clubs, relax in lounges, or dine in the numerous cafes and restaurants of varying world cuisine.It's renowned for not only its expat hangouts, but also the high turnover rate that they have over the years. It seems like every year, 2-3 new bars would come onto the scene, while 2-3 would close or change ownership/name/theme, etc...Ask any long-term expat in Daegu about Samdeok bar history and you'll hear fond memories of former haunts like Gypsy Rock, Funkaholic, Kiss Me, Rock and Roll, Head Bing Bing, Ping, Mojo's, etc...Although many new foreign bars and western restaurants tend to come and go like the tide, there is always lots of Korean and foreign activity in the area and usually something for all tastes. A particular hotbed of activity is Rodeo Street which is the small street that runs north/south through the area and is home to most bars that are frequented by foreigners. If entering downtown from the fire station, take either your first left or first right and you'll find yourself on this street.
So you’ll have to excuse me if some of my recommendations are out of date. I also got it from somewhere else.
Samdeok cafes and restaurants include 2nd, Berkeley, Billibow, Burnham's Burgers, Cafe 5, Cafe Forest, Cafe Francesco, Cafe Kori, Cepheus, Dijon, Dim Sum, Gobul (2-28 Park), Gobul (Samdeok), Into, Italy & Italy, Jin's, Kraze Burger, Le Petite France, Mies Container, Olive Garden, Pan-house, Pepper Mill, Rama and Bavana, Road to India, The Holy Grill, Tteulerae, Yo! Chicken Festival and Oriental Bar
Some of the Samdeok bars and clubs you can go to are AU, Babalu, Basil, Billibow, Caribe, Club Anna, Club Bubble, Club G2, Commune Lonely Hearts Club, Club Frog, Club Monkey, Club That, Flower Garden, Gibson, Itaewon Crew Bar, Julliard, Martini, Metro, Mies Container, Munchen, Old Blue, Old Skool, Organ Bar, Sokong, Sweet Tree, The Corner, Thunderbird and Wes.
The West side of Daegu where Dongseongno resides, is certainly no slouch, either. Restaurants and shopping in abundance and a different movie theater on seemingly every corner, it possesses some notable landmarks and areas. Dongseongno is the unmistakably busy street running north-south through the heart of downtown. Jungangno Station is very close and has exits opening up to the different cinemas and streets in the area. One area that's a famous rendezvous point for foreigners is in front of Academy Cinema, just south of the station.
Dongseongno has its fair share of cafes and restaurants too, like Basilia, Bennigan's, Burger King, Dim Sum, Fresh Italy, Gobul (Academy), Gobul (Dongseongno), Hoeseon Sushi990, Jamie Oliver, KFC, Leo Chow, Little Italya, Lotteria, McDonald's, New York Pizza, Outback, Pan-house, Papa Johns, Papparoti, Pastario, Road to India, Seven Frypan, Spabi, Tiamo and Wild Sushi.
As for the bars and clubs you can always go to Gibson, Itaewon Crew Bar, Old Blue and Old Skool.
Dongseongno notable Movie Theaters are:
- Academy Cinema, south of Jungangno Station.
- Hanil Theater, east of Jungangno Station.
- Jungang Cinema, south of Jungangno Station.
- MMC, west of Jungangno Station.
Suseong-gu is the most expensive ward in Daegu and as one might expect, you are able to find loads of high class restaurants and clubs in the area. Most notable is the wide restaurant street of Deurangil, which is full of expensive restaurants. Just south of that street and along the road parallel to Suseong Lake, is another restaurant strip that has a mixture of Korean, Chinese, Western, and ethnic restaurants. Just east of Suseong Lake is another popular area for restaurants and noraebangs.
Jisan, Suseong and Deurangil cafes and restaurants include Bizantium, Capital, Freshia, Hwangto Duck, Il Sole, (Italian) New York, New York, (popular steak restaurant) Pastel, Piatto, Suseong Air Park, (steak and seafood) Sushi990, (Japanese sushi take-out franchise) Table 13, (steak) Vincent, Yongjibong
Ariana Brau is a popular brew pub in the basement of Ariana Hotel in Suseong-gu. In addition to having on-site brewing facilities and serving all kinds of German ales, they have live bands and offer a broad menu, ranging from Korean anju to nachos and chicken.
Penthouse is a jazz restaurant and bar in south Daegu, which serves Guinness on tap.
In East Daegu, is the under-rated Siji district, home to a loyal concentration of foreigner hangouts, just east of Sinmae Station. The Siji district of Daegu technically refers to a small area called Siji-dong, however, many foreigners refer to the east side of Daegu's Subway Line 2, as being Siji. The Siji area has many hagwons and is near some outlying universities in the Gyeongsan area, so there are concentrations of English teachers here. The foreign contingent hangs out in a variety of local bars. The most popular foreign hangout, In My Memory closed in April 2009. Wa Bar, across from E-mart and around the corner from Outback is one of the more common foreign hangouts. There are also many hot bars in the area by the basketball courts, notably Odyssey and Long Life Bar, which foreigners frequent.
In western Daegu along Line 2 of the Daegu subway, there are numerous areas that are good areas for shopping, dining, and nightlife, however, the most notable is the area of Seongseo around the east gate of Keimyung University, as well as the main gate area. Keimyung cafes and restaurants include Gobul, Gusto, Olive, Pak-Asian, Tiamo and Viva.
At the foot of Apsan and about 15-20 minutes south of downtown, one can start seeing a lot more US army personnel. Daegu has 3 army bases in this area, Camp Walker, Camp Henry and Camp George, all located near each other in southern Daegu, Camp Walker being the biggest. Although George is quieter, as its mostly an installation for military housing and the American school, Walker and Henry have the most active areas on and outside of the base. Although the nightlife in the area has quieted down compared to days of old, there are still some hold-outs that make the scene.
And with this I bid you good night or rather good morning. Until we meet again……
Special thanks and appreciation to the following:
Photos and articles © courtesy
http://english.daegu.go.kr
http://wiki.galbijim.com/KyungpookUniversity_district
http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Travel2/taegu/177
http://www.asiarooms.com/travel-guide/south-korea/daegu
sri2006.postech.ac.kr
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